Thursday, May 3, 2012

Report: Facebook Messenger App Could Get Video Chat Upgrade Soon [Facebook]

It's rumored that Facebook is extending its standalone Messenger app for iPhone to include video chat capabilities, and 9to5mac reports that the current beta version is "smooth most of the time". More »


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Presidential victory laps (cbsnews)

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Bang & Olufsen caters to the iOS crowd with Apple TV-friendly BeoPlay V1 TV set, A3 iPad speaker dock

Image

If your gadget life centers equally on Apple devices and luxury Danish home theater, Bang & Olufsen now has you officially covered. The BeoPlay V1 TV, which we got a sneak peek at just over a week ago, has a slot to connect your Apple TV without wires spoiling the look of your upscale loft. Both 32- and 40-inch versions have relatively powerful speakers, too, with as many as three 32W amps in the 40-inch version being joined by discrete treble / mid speakers and a bass unit. Either of the 1080p TVs carries a 100Hz refresh rate, five HDMI inputs, and a USB port for your music and photos. Just as new is a BeoPlay A3 speaker dock for the iPad, which nestles your first- or second-generation iPad into what Bang & Olufsen calls a "stable wedge" that not only keeps the iPad comfy but adapts the speakers to get maximum output. An eight-hour battery keeps the speakers completely wireless, although it won't charge your iPad in the process. The company will have the V1 in British shops on May 3rd at a comparatively frugal £1,999 ($3,238) and £2,499 ($4,047) for the respective 32- and 40-inch sizes, while fans of Hamlet's homeland will have to wait until May 23rd to pay £449 ($727) for an A3 dock, a picture of which you can find after the break.

Continue reading Bang & Olufsen caters to the iOS crowd with Apple TV-friendly BeoPlay V1 TV set, A3 iPad speaker dock

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94% The Secret World of Arrietty

All Critics (115) | Top Critics (25) | Fresh (108) | Rotten (7)

As pretty as it is, this Secret World is too Earthbound by far.

The Secret World of Arrietty is a marvelously captivating animated feature about very tiny people and the full-scale world they inhabit.

Yonebayashi gives Arrietty an excellent sense of balance, with the adventure aspects of the story, which feel legitimately dangerous providing well-paced contrast the film's more placid moments.

It's an enjoyable and attractive-looking film, but a little of that "Speed Racer" energy wouldn't have been such a bad thing.

The visual details are inventive, and the animation - particularly the colors - is lovely.

"The Secret World of Arrietty'' is a feast for the eyes that will engage the entire family.

There's a gentle movie from Japan that's going to seem familiar to a lot of fans of the series of books about 'The Borrowers.'

Like motion picture Yoga--quietly cathartic and just the thing to raise your kids on.

It certainly belongs in the second rank of Ghibli fantasies. But give it a chance.

Most will be caught up in its beautiful spell, immersed in great storytelling at its finest.

The soft-focus animation has an impressionistic quality, as if a gentle breeze had wafted across a Monet canvas.

This smart, winsome fairy tale is not quite Hiyao Miyazaki, but it still might be the best animated film that (some few) will see all year.

Another Studio Ghibli wonder, as heartbreaking for its devotion to craft, artistry and intelligent storytelling (for viewers of all ages) as for its themes of inevitable exile and impossible love.

There's a gentle movie from Japan that's going to seem familiar to a lot of fans of the series of books about 'The Borrowers.'

...yet another jewel in the crown of Studio Ghibli.

...creates a sense of wide-eyed wonder and discovery as we experience the awe-inspiring mysteries of an ordinary house as seen from the four-inch borrower's point of view.

The animation, a gorgeous blend of bewitching watercolored backgrounds and poignantly rendered characters, is, as ever, beyond reproach.

What is most effective is the way the sense of peaceful shelter and retreat in the country setting contrasts with the precariousness of the situations faced by Shawn and Arrietty.

It's hard to imagine this scenario playing out with more delicacy and care than animator-turned-director Yonebayashi Hiromasa brings to bear.

Arrietty has an elegiac mood, like a more wan and sedate Toy Story.

Gently enchanting, an extraordinary adventure

There may not be a frenzy of action and fast cuts but each scene has meticulous details about how the borrowers live, how they make use of the things in their environment to survive.

Tiny people who live in the walls of a rural home are put at risk when they are discovered by the humans residing there. Studio Ghibli offers a soothing animated version of the classic children's novels.

the basic elements of loneliness, friendship, and the fragility of life are intact, along with that ineffable sense of wonder, melancholy, and magic

By being less bizarre than SPIRITED AWAY and having more of a human center to the film, THE SECRET WORLD OF ARRIETTY is one of Studio Ghibli's best efforts to date.

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Tuesday, May 1, 2012

New study finds gender, racial/ethnic disparities in general surgery board certification

New study finds gender, racial/ethnic disparities in general surgery board certification [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Sally Garneski
pressinquiry@facs.org
312-202-5409
American College of Surgeons

JACS study results could guide strategies to keep underrepresented on certification track

Chicago (April 30, 2012)An analysis of a national cohort of recent medical school graduates may provide insight into why women and graduates of some minority groups are relatively underrepresented among general surgeons, particularly those certified by the American Board of Surgery (ABS). The researchers found that general surgery graduate trainees in selected pop-ulation groups are more likely to go off the general surgery career path and into other medical specialties or, if they remain in surgery, are more likely not to complete the surgery board-certification process, according to a report published in the May issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

The study findings could eventually help surgical leaders to develop strategies to encourage more women and minority graduates who enter general surgery training to attain certification by the American Board of Surgery (ABS), said study authors, Dorothy A. Andriole, MD, FACS, and Donna B. Jeffe, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. The issue of keeping more graduates who enter general surgery trainingparticularly women (who constitute about 50 percent of U.S. medical graduates) and minority graduateson track for ABS certification is significant for the specialty, Dr. Andriole noted, "because there are concerns both about the size and the composition of the surgery workforce." It is the ABS that administers board certification for surgery, she explained.

Study researchers analyzed the records of 3,373 medical school graduates in the classes of 1997-2002 who intended to become board certified in surgery at the time of graduation and entered general surgery training programs. Follow-up data for these graduates, through July 2009, charted how they fared in pursuing board certification in the years since graduation. The analysis followed all graduates for at least seven years because, after completing general surgery residency training, the ABS-certification process itself can take several years, Dr. Andriole said. Overall, Drs. Andriole and Jeffe reported, 60 percent of the graduates in the study went on to achieve ABS certification and 10 percent were certified by another American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS)-member board, while 30 percent were not certified by any ABMS member board.

The researchers found that women who expressed intent at the time of medical school graduation to become certified in surgery were more likely than men who had similar intentions at graduation to become certified by ABMS-member boards other than the ABS, Dr. Andriole noted. "That women were more likely than men to leave the surgery workforce to pursue certi-fication in other specialties is an issue worthy of attention by the profession and the American College of Surgeons, which seeks to recruit and retain women surgeons as Fellows in the organization," Dr. Andriole explained. Besides women, the study found that older graduates were also more likely to become certified by ABMS-member boards other than the ABS.

Among graduates who remained in the surgery workforce, women, Asian/Pacific Islander graduates, and graduates from racial/ethnic groups historically underrepresented in medicine were more likely to be non-board certified, as were graduates who had initially failed Step l or Step 2 of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination sequence.

The findings regarding characteristics of medical school graduates who were retained in the surgery workforce but were not ABS certified are concerning, the study authors noted. "Physicians who are not board certified are becoming increasingly marginalized in the work-force," co-author Dr. Jeffe said. "They may not be able to access the same quality of medical services for their patients as can board-certified physicians. Many practicing physicians from underrepresented groups in medicine provide care for other underrepresented or disadvantaged populations, so this speaks to the disparities in health outcomes for their patients as well."

Dr. Andriole explained that non-board-certified physicians "may not necessarily be less well qualified to practice medicine than board-certified physicians," but they may face obstacles in pursuing opportunities available to board-certified colleagues, including hospital privileges and leadership positions in academic medicine. "We know there has been concern in the profession of surgery about the lack of diversity in the senior leadership roles of academic surgery," she noted. "Perhaps disparities in board certification are contributory."

However, the researchers did not evaluate why medical school graduates who had planned to become certified in surgery became certified in other specialties or remained in surgery but did not obtain ABS certification. Dr. Andriole noted that the level of a medical school graduate's debt was not associated with board certification and that, with longer follow-up, additional graduates in their sample might become certified, either by the ABS or by other ABMS-member boards.

Defining explanatory factors for the outcomes they observed would be a next step in using their research, according to Drs. Andriole and Jeffe. "Understanding what contributes to those gaps in ABS certification is really necessary in order to design interventions to maximize the likelihood that the diverse population of U.S. medical graduates who enter graduate medical education in general surgery intending to become certified in surgery will go on to fully com-plete the pathway to becoming board certified by the ABS," Dr. Andriole said. Specifically, that step would involve a closer analysis of the variables that influence women graduates to become certified in other specialties and also variables that may contribute to the differences by gender and by race/ethnicity that the study authors observed in ABS certification among practicing surgeons.

###

NOTE: This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health Institute of General Medical Sciences (RO1 GM08350).

About the American College of Surgeons

The American College of Surgeons is a scientific and educational organization of surgeons that was founded in 1913 to raise the standards of surgical practice and to improve the care of the surgical patient. The College is dedicated to the ethical and competent practice of surgery. Its achievements have significantly influenced the course of scientific surgery in America and have established it as an important advocate for all surgical patients. The College has more than 78,000 members and is the largest organization of surgeons in the world. For more information, visit www.facs.org(.)


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


New study finds gender, racial/ethnic disparities in general surgery board certification [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Sally Garneski
pressinquiry@facs.org
312-202-5409
American College of Surgeons

JACS study results could guide strategies to keep underrepresented on certification track

Chicago (April 30, 2012)An analysis of a national cohort of recent medical school graduates may provide insight into why women and graduates of some minority groups are relatively underrepresented among general surgeons, particularly those certified by the American Board of Surgery (ABS). The researchers found that general surgery graduate trainees in selected pop-ulation groups are more likely to go off the general surgery career path and into other medical specialties or, if they remain in surgery, are more likely not to complete the surgery board-certification process, according to a report published in the May issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

The study findings could eventually help surgical leaders to develop strategies to encourage more women and minority graduates who enter general surgery training to attain certification by the American Board of Surgery (ABS), said study authors, Dorothy A. Andriole, MD, FACS, and Donna B. Jeffe, PhD, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. The issue of keeping more graduates who enter general surgery trainingparticularly women (who constitute about 50 percent of U.S. medical graduates) and minority graduateson track for ABS certification is significant for the specialty, Dr. Andriole noted, "because there are concerns both about the size and the composition of the surgery workforce." It is the ABS that administers board certification for surgery, she explained.

Study researchers analyzed the records of 3,373 medical school graduates in the classes of 1997-2002 who intended to become board certified in surgery at the time of graduation and entered general surgery training programs. Follow-up data for these graduates, through July 2009, charted how they fared in pursuing board certification in the years since graduation. The analysis followed all graduates for at least seven years because, after completing general surgery residency training, the ABS-certification process itself can take several years, Dr. Andriole said. Overall, Drs. Andriole and Jeffe reported, 60 percent of the graduates in the study went on to achieve ABS certification and 10 percent were certified by another American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS)-member board, while 30 percent were not certified by any ABMS member board.

The researchers found that women who expressed intent at the time of medical school graduation to become certified in surgery were more likely than men who had similar intentions at graduation to become certified by ABMS-member boards other than the ABS, Dr. Andriole noted. "That women were more likely than men to leave the surgery workforce to pursue certi-fication in other specialties is an issue worthy of attention by the profession and the American College of Surgeons, which seeks to recruit and retain women surgeons as Fellows in the organization," Dr. Andriole explained. Besides women, the study found that older graduates were also more likely to become certified by ABMS-member boards other than the ABS.

Among graduates who remained in the surgery workforce, women, Asian/Pacific Islander graduates, and graduates from racial/ethnic groups historically underrepresented in medicine were more likely to be non-board certified, as were graduates who had initially failed Step l or Step 2 of the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination sequence.

The findings regarding characteristics of medical school graduates who were retained in the surgery workforce but were not ABS certified are concerning, the study authors noted. "Physicians who are not board certified are becoming increasingly marginalized in the work-force," co-author Dr. Jeffe said. "They may not be able to access the same quality of medical services for their patients as can board-certified physicians. Many practicing physicians from underrepresented groups in medicine provide care for other underrepresented or disadvantaged populations, so this speaks to the disparities in health outcomes for their patients as well."

Dr. Andriole explained that non-board-certified physicians "may not necessarily be less well qualified to practice medicine than board-certified physicians," but they may face obstacles in pursuing opportunities available to board-certified colleagues, including hospital privileges and leadership positions in academic medicine. "We know there has been concern in the profession of surgery about the lack of diversity in the senior leadership roles of academic surgery," she noted. "Perhaps disparities in board certification are contributory."

However, the researchers did not evaluate why medical school graduates who had planned to become certified in surgery became certified in other specialties or remained in surgery but did not obtain ABS certification. Dr. Andriole noted that the level of a medical school graduate's debt was not associated with board certification and that, with longer follow-up, additional graduates in their sample might become certified, either by the ABS or by other ABMS-member boards.

Defining explanatory factors for the outcomes they observed would be a next step in using their research, according to Drs. Andriole and Jeffe. "Understanding what contributes to those gaps in ABS certification is really necessary in order to design interventions to maximize the likelihood that the diverse population of U.S. medical graduates who enter graduate medical education in general surgery intending to become certified in surgery will go on to fully com-plete the pathway to becoming board certified by the ABS," Dr. Andriole said. Specifically, that step would involve a closer analysis of the variables that influence women graduates to become certified in other specialties and also variables that may contribute to the differences by gender and by race/ethnicity that the study authors observed in ABS certification among practicing surgeons.

###

NOTE: This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health Institute of General Medical Sciences (RO1 GM08350).

About the American College of Surgeons

The American College of Surgeons is a scientific and educational organization of surgeons that was founded in 1913 to raise the standards of surgical practice and to improve the care of the surgical patient. The College is dedicated to the ethical and competent practice of surgery. Its achievements have significantly influenced the course of scientific surgery in America and have established it as an important advocate for all surgical patients. The College has more than 78,000 members and is the largest organization of surgeons in the world. For more information, visit www.facs.org(.)


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Record-breaking radio waves discovered from ultra-cool star

ScienceDaily (Apr. 30, 2012) ? Penn State University astronomers using the world's largest radio telescope, at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, have discovered flaring radio emissions from an ultra-cool star, not much warmer than the planet Jupiter, shattering the previous record for the lowest stellar temperature at which radio waves were detected.

The team from Penn State's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics and the Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, led by Alex Wolszczan, the discoverer of the first planets ever found outside our solar system, has been using the giant 305-m (1000-ft) telescope to look for radio signals from a class of objects known as brown dwarfs. These objects are small, cold stars that bridge the gap between Jupiter-like giant planets and normal, more-massive, hydrogen-fusing stars. The astronomers hit the jackpot with a star named J1047+21, a brown dwarf 33.6 light years away in the constellation Leo, in a result that could boost the odds of discovering life elsewhere in the universe.

Matthew Route, a graduate student at Penn State and the lead author of the discovery paper, said, "This object is the coolest brown dwarf ever detected emitting radio waves -- it's half the temperature of the previous record holder, making it only about five times hotter than Jupiter."

The new radio-star is much smaller and colder than our Sun. With a surface temperature not much higher than that of a giant planet, and a size comparable to Jupiter's, it is scarcely visible in optical light. Yet the radio flares seen at Arecibo show it must have a strong magnetic field, implying that the same could be true of other similar stars.

Wolszczan, an Evan Pugh Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics and the leader of the project, said, "This is a really exciting result. We hope that in the future we'll be able to detect yet colder brown dwarfs, and possibly even giant planets around other stars."

The possibility that young, hot planets around other stars could be detected in the same manner -- because they still maintain strong magnetic fields -- has implications for the chances of finding life elsewhere in our Milky Way Galaxy, Wolszczan explained. "The Earth's field protects life on its surface from harmful particles of the solar wind. Knowing whether planetary magnetic fields are common or not throughout the Galaxy will aid our efforts to understand chances that life may exist beyond the Solar System."

The discovery of radio signals from J1047+21 dramatically broadens the window through which astronomers can study the atmospheres and interiors of these tiny stars, using the radio detection of their magnetic fields as a tool. At the temperature of this brown dwarf, its atmosphere must be made of neutral gas, which would not give off radio signals like those seen. SO The energy to drive the signals is likely to come from magnetic fields deep inside the star, similar to the field that protects Earth from dangerous high-energy particles. By monitoring the radio flares from J1047+21, astronomers will be able to tell how stable the magnetic field is over time, and, from flare duration, they can infer the size of the emitter itself.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Penn State.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. M. Route, A. Wolszczan. the Arecibo Detection of the Coolest Radio-Flaring Brown Dwarf. The Astrophysical Journal, 2012; 747 (2): L22 DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/747/2/L22

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Rogue stars ejected from the galaxy are found in intergalactic space

Rogue stars ejected from the galaxy are found in intergalactic space [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: David F Salisbury
david.salisbury@vanderbilt.edu
615-343-6803
Vanderbilt University

It's very difficult to kick a star out of the galaxy.

In fact, the primary mechanism that astronomers have come up with that can give a star the two-million-plus mile-per-hour kick it takes requires a close encounter with the supermassive black hole at the galaxy's core.

So far astronomers have found 16 of these "hypervelocity" stars. Although they are traveling fast enough to eventually escape the galaxy's gravitational grasp, they have been discovered while they are still inside the galaxy.

Now, Vanderbilt astronomers report in the May issue of the Astronomical Journal that they have identified a group of more than 675 stars on the outskirts of the Milky Way that they argue are hypervelocity stars that have been ejected from the galactic core. They selected these stars based on their location in intergalactic space between the Milky Way and the nearby Andromeda galaxy and by their peculiar red coloration.

"These stars really stand out. They are red giant stars with high metallicity which gives them an unusual color," says Assistant Professor Kelly Holley-Bockelmann, who conducted the study with graduate student Lauren Palladino.

In astronomy and cosmology, "metallicity" is a measure of the proportion of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium that a star contains. In this case, high metallicity is a signature that indicates an inner galactic origin: Older stars and stars from the galactic fringes tend to have lower metallicities.

The researchers identified these candidates by analyzing the millions of stars catalogued in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

"We figured that these rogue stars must be there, outside the galaxy, but no one had ever looked for them. So we decided to give it a try," said Holley-Bockelmann, who is studying the behavior of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

Astronomers have now found evidence for giant black holes at the centers of many galaxies. They estimate that the Milky Way's central black hole has a mass of four million solar masses. They calculate that the gravitational field surrounding such a supermassive black hole is strong enough to accelerate stars to hypervelocities.

The typical scenario involves a binary pair of stars that get caught in the black hole's grip. As one of the stars spirals in towards the black hole, its companion is flung outward at a tremendous velocity.

A second scenario takes place during periods when the central black hole is in the process of ingesting a smaller black hole. Any star that ventures too close to the circling pair can also get a hypervelocity kick.

Red giant stars are the end stage in the evolution of small, yellow stars like the Sun. So, the stars in Holley-Bockelmann's rogues' gallery should have been small stars like the Sun when they tangled with the central black hole. As they traveled outward, they continued to age until they reached the red giant stage. Even traveling at hypervelocities, it would take a star about 10 million years to travel from the central hub to the spiral's edge, 50,000 light years away.

"Studying these rogue stars can provide us with new insights into the history and evolution of our home galaxy," said Holley-Bockelmann. The researchers' next step is determine if any of their candidates are unusually red brown dwarfs instead of red giants. Because brown dwarfs produce a lot less light than red giants, they would have to be much closer to appear equally bright.

###

Heather Morrison at Case Western Reserve University, Patrick Durrell and John Feldmeier at Youngstown State University, Robin Ciardullo and Richard Wade at Pennsylvania State University, and J. Davy Kirkpatrick and Patrick Lowrance at the California Institute of California also contributed to the research, which was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Education's Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need fellowship.


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Rogue stars ejected from the galaxy are found in intergalactic space [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 30-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: David F Salisbury
david.salisbury@vanderbilt.edu
615-343-6803
Vanderbilt University

It's very difficult to kick a star out of the galaxy.

In fact, the primary mechanism that astronomers have come up with that can give a star the two-million-plus mile-per-hour kick it takes requires a close encounter with the supermassive black hole at the galaxy's core.

So far astronomers have found 16 of these "hypervelocity" stars. Although they are traveling fast enough to eventually escape the galaxy's gravitational grasp, they have been discovered while they are still inside the galaxy.

Now, Vanderbilt astronomers report in the May issue of the Astronomical Journal that they have identified a group of more than 675 stars on the outskirts of the Milky Way that they argue are hypervelocity stars that have been ejected from the galactic core. They selected these stars based on their location in intergalactic space between the Milky Way and the nearby Andromeda galaxy and by their peculiar red coloration.

"These stars really stand out. They are red giant stars with high metallicity which gives them an unusual color," says Assistant Professor Kelly Holley-Bockelmann, who conducted the study with graduate student Lauren Palladino.

In astronomy and cosmology, "metallicity" is a measure of the proportion of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium that a star contains. In this case, high metallicity is a signature that indicates an inner galactic origin: Older stars and stars from the galactic fringes tend to have lower metallicities.

The researchers identified these candidates by analyzing the millions of stars catalogued in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

"We figured that these rogue stars must be there, outside the galaxy, but no one had ever looked for them. So we decided to give it a try," said Holley-Bockelmann, who is studying the behavior of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

Astronomers have now found evidence for giant black holes at the centers of many galaxies. They estimate that the Milky Way's central black hole has a mass of four million solar masses. They calculate that the gravitational field surrounding such a supermassive black hole is strong enough to accelerate stars to hypervelocities.

The typical scenario involves a binary pair of stars that get caught in the black hole's grip. As one of the stars spirals in towards the black hole, its companion is flung outward at a tremendous velocity.

A second scenario takes place during periods when the central black hole is in the process of ingesting a smaller black hole. Any star that ventures too close to the circling pair can also get a hypervelocity kick.

Red giant stars are the end stage in the evolution of small, yellow stars like the Sun. So, the stars in Holley-Bockelmann's rogues' gallery should have been small stars like the Sun when they tangled with the central black hole. As they traveled outward, they continued to age until they reached the red giant stage. Even traveling at hypervelocities, it would take a star about 10 million years to travel from the central hub to the spiral's edge, 50,000 light years away.

"Studying these rogue stars can provide us with new insights into the history and evolution of our home galaxy," said Holley-Bockelmann. The researchers' next step is determine if any of their candidates are unusually red brown dwarfs instead of red giants. Because brown dwarfs produce a lot less light than red giants, they would have to be much closer to appear equally bright.

###

Heather Morrison at Case Western Reserve University, Patrick Durrell and John Feldmeier at Youngstown State University, Robin Ciardullo and Richard Wade at Pennsylvania State University, and J. Davy Kirkpatrick and Patrick Lowrance at the California Institute of California also contributed to the research, which was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Education's Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need fellowship.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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